Lateral Hyporheic Zone Chemistry in an Artificially Constructed Gravel Bar and a Re‐Meandered Stream Channel,Southern Ontario,Canada1

Abstract: The effect of stream restoration on hyporheic functions has been neglected, although channel rehabilitation projects have a potential to alter stream‐ground‐water interactions. The present study examined the effect of an artificially constructed gravel bar and re‐meandered stream channel on lateral hyporheic exchange flow and chemistry in two lowland N‐rich streams in southern Ontario, Canada. Nitrate concentrations were relatively high, ranging from 0.5 to 1.3 mg N/l in both streams during spring through fall months. However, nitrate concentrations showed a steep decline as stream water entered the gravel bar and the meander bends. Differences between observed and predicted nitrate concentrations based on conservative ion concentration patterns indicated that 40‐100 and 68‐98% of the nitrate entering the hyporheic zone was removed in the gravel bar and meanders, respectively. Rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen concentrations along lateral hyporheic flow paths and denitrifying potentials assayed by the acetylene block technique in hyporheic sediments suggests that denitrification was an important mechanism of nitrate depletion. Despite the high rate of nitrate removal, the flux of stream water laterally entering the constructed gravel bar and meander bends was very small, and hyporheic nitrate removal was <0.015% of the daily stream load during base‐flow periods in summer and fall. The effects of restoration projects on hyporheic zone dynamics are often limited in lowland streams by low channel gradients and fine floodplain sediments with low interstitial flows that restrict the magnitude of the stream‐hyporheic connection.     

界牌河段航道整治工程对白Ji豚和长江江豚影响评价研究

界牌河段航道整治工程于１９９４年动工,１９９８年基本结束。为了防止在施工过程中对白Ｊｉ豚和长江江豚造成意外伤害,并对整治河估的环境变化对白Ｊi豚和长江江豚的影响 作出了评价,作者在１９９５年至１９９９年在界牌河段对白Ｊi豚和江豚的活动和航道整治前后的情况进行了监测。调查结果表明,介牌般道在整 治过程中没有对白Ji豚和江豚造成伤害,原来百航严重的界牌航道得到了有效的整治,同时也有利于白Ｊi豚和江豚的活动     

长江干流近岸沉积物重金属的空间分布及风险评估

采集长江干流上、中、下游人口分布密集的主要城市江段、三峡库区等19个监测断面的近岸沉积物样品,分别分析了枯水期和丰水期沉积物样品中砷、汞、铜、铅、镉、锌和锰等重金属含量在长江干流上的分布特征.结果表明,枯水期,砷和铅在三峡库区寸滩断面含量最大,铜和汞在入江口含量最大.丰水期,长江干流最上游的两个监测断面汞、砷、铜、铅4种重金属含量均较低;三峡库区砷、铜、铅3种重金属总量均较大,汞含量也较高.依据相平衡分配法和沉积物污染指数法(SPI),选取铜和铅两项参数,对长江干流近岸沉积物质量进行风险评估,结果显示,长江干流19个监测断面近岸沉积物等级均为Ⅰ类,但入江口沉积物污染指数(SPI)值最大.     

无人机通信信道模型研究

研究合适的无人机通信信道模型对无人机数据链的设计和性能分析具有重要意义。目前,根据无人机不同的飞行状态和不同的飞行环境,通信信道模型可以分为大尺度衰落模型和小尺度衰落模型。在分析这两种模型相关参数和概率分布函数的基础上,结合大尺度衰落和小尺度衰落的特性,利用自由空间路径损耗和粗糙地面路径损耗理论,建立了适合不同环境下无人机特性的统一信道模型。     

京津冀大气污染传输通道城市PM2.5污染的死亡效应评估

基于Web of science数据库搜集的1442篇文献资料,采用Meta分析方法确定PM_(2.5)污染与居民不同健康终点之间的暴露反应系数.在此基础上,本文选取2015年PM_(2.5)浓度遥感数据、公里格网人口数据及人口死亡统计数据,借助Poisson回归模型评估京津冀大气污染传输通道城市1 km×1 km尺度上PM_(2.5)污染的死亡效应.结果表明:①PM_(2.5)污染与人口总死亡率、循环系统疾病死亡率、呼吸系统疾病死亡率和肺癌死亡率等存在显著的暴露反应关系,其中,PM_(2.5)浓度每增加10μg·m~(-3),对应健康终点死亡率分别上升5.67%(95%Confidence Interval(CI):3.87%～8.29%)、6.93%(95%CI:3.92%～12.25%)、4.78%(95%CI:1.31%～17.51%)和9.55%(95%CI:3.67%～24.86%).②PM_(2.5)污染成为诱致人口死亡的重要因素,2015年京津冀大气污染传输通道城市PM_(2.5)污染造成的死亡人数为307599人,占据总死亡人数的28.64%.其中,死于循环系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病和肺癌的人数分别为183084、21096和32203人.③实施严格的PM_(2.5)浓度控制目标将给居民带来极大的健康收益,如果能够达成世界卫生组织4个阶段的PM_(2.5)浓度控制目标,京津冀大气污染传输通道城市可避免的死亡人数分别为144236、197167、253180和282401人,与基准年相比分别下降46.89%、64.10%、82.31%和91.81%.     

Empirical Estimation of Stream Discharge Using Channel Geometry in Low‐Gradient,Sand‐Bed Streams of the Southeastern Plains

Manning's equation is used widely to predict stream discharge (Q) from hydraulic variables when logistics constrain empirical measurements of in‐bank flow events. Uncertainty in Manning's roughness (n_M) is the major source of error in natural channels, and sand‐bed streams pose difficulties because flow resistance is affected by flow‐dependent bed configuration. Our study was designed to develop and validate models for estimating Q from channel geometry easily derived from cross‐sectional surveys and available GIS data. A database was compiled consisting of 484 Q measurements from 75 sand‐bed streams in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina (Southeastern Plains), and Florida (Southern Coastal Plain), with six New Zealand streams included to develop statistical models to predict Q from hydraulic variables. Model error characteristics were estimated with leave‐one‐site‐out jackknifing. Independent data of 317 Q measurements from 55 Southeastern Plains streams indicated the model (Q = A_cR_H^0.6906S^0.1216; where A_c is the channel area, R_H is the hydraulic radius, and S is the bed slope) best predicted Q, based on Akaike's information criterion and root mean square error. Models also were developed from smaller Q range subsets to explore if subsets increased predictive ability, but error fit statistics suggested that these were not reasonable alternatives to the above equation. Thus, we recommend the above equation for predicting in‐bank Q of unbraided, sandy streams of the Southeastern Plains.     

工业大宗物资的铁路物流网络空间结构特征研究——以云南省为例

为提取工业大宗物资铁路物流网络特征,从物流网络流动格局、节点特征和运输轴线3个方面,基于社会网络分析与空间分析方法构建了考虑流入—流出双向性的工业大宗物资铁路物流网络特征分析体系,并以云南省为例,利用云南省工业大宗物资的铁路货运全OD数据透视该省煤、金矿、钢铁、石油、化工等5类工业大宗物资铁路物流网络的组织结构、空间运输联系、网络节点和主要通道。结果表明:云南省5类工业大宗物资物流网络组织均具有明显的小世界特性,网络整体呈现放射状,形成明显的集聚少核的空间分布格局,运输走向"廊道效应"显著。     

Antibiotic resistome mostly relates to bacterial taxonomy along a suburban transmission chain

• The α-diversities of resistome were lower in manure and compost than in soils. • There were significant correlations between the resistome and bacterial taxonomy. • Bacterial taxonomy was the highest in explaining resistome variances. Antibiotic resistance genes comprising antibiotic resistome are of great concern due to their increase in the environment. Recent evidence of shared resistomes between soils and animal husbandry has imposed potential risks to human health. However, the correlation between a given community’s resistome and bacterial taxonomic composition is controversial. Here, a transmission chain of resistomes from swine manure to compost and compost-amended soil were analyzed in five suburban areas of Beijing, China, with unamended agricultural soils as control soils. Antibiotic resistomes and bacterial taxonomic compositions were distinct between (I) manure and compost; and (II) compost-amended and control soils. In manure, compost, and compost-amended soils, the β-diversity of the resistome and bacterial taxonomic composition was significantly correlated, while no correlation was detected in control soils. Bacterial taxonomic composition explained 36.0% of total variations of the resistome composition, much higher than environmental factors. Together, those results demonstrated that antibiotic resistome was closely related to bacterial taxonomic composition along the suburban transmission chain.     

太行山两侧污染物传输对横谷城市气溶胶的影响分析

利用2017~2019年太行山横谷城市阳泉PM₁₀和PM_2.5逐时浓度资料和对应时刻风速风向数据,结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型通过聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子和浓度权重轨迹方法分析了横谷城市气流输送特征及对阳泉市气溶胶的影响,并进一步探讨了太行山两侧大气污染物的交换特征.阳泉市气溶胶日变化为单峰单谷型,冬季最高值出现在10：00~11：00,其他季节多在09：00,最小值均在15：00~16：00;月际变化呈1月最高、8月最低.受横谷地形影响,地面风向以偏东风和偏西风频率最高;除小风天气外,春秋季偏西风引起的沙尘天气和冬季偏东风输送也会引起阳泉气溶胶浓度升高;后向轨迹结合污染特征显示,各季节污染轨迹占比为春季26.2%、秋季36.4%和冬季33.7%,主要分布在阳泉的西南和东南区域,冬季在东北区域也有分布;山脉两侧均存在显著的细颗粒物传输,而起源或途经太行山西侧的轨迹粗颗粒物输送亦相对较多;污染轨迹中偏西气流输送对PM₁₀超标率影响更大,偏东气流则主要影响PM_2.5的超标率.不同季节阳泉市气溶胶主要污染潜在源区存在差异,春季为西南和东南两区域;秋季为西南及偏南区域,冬季主要位于偏南和偏东方向区域,山西东南部及与河南北部交界区域是主要的污染贡献源区,太行山两侧通过井陉通道进行大气污染物的相互传输过程显著,其中东向西的PM_2.5传输影响更显著.     

预掘回撤通道末采围岩破坏机制研究

为保证工作面安全高效回撤,通过理论分析及现场观测法,研究综采工作面末采期间回撤通道围岩应力分布及破坏特征,提出垛架支撑力控制顶板围岩破坏机制及方法,得到垛架最小支撑力计算方法.结果表明:回撤通道围岩集中应力与工作面前方支承压力逐步叠加,导致剩余煤柱由两侧向中部逐渐破坏,当两侧破坏区连通时,煤柱上方直接顶跨距增加为原来的...